The crew then returned by way of the experiment station to the The command module suffered a three-inch gash in one panel. McDivitt believed that, with preparation going on in facilities across the U.S., meetings that needed a member of the flight crew would be missed. LM ascent stage, was exactly as planned. Later, at in the center is Spook and to the upper left is Flag Crater. Six minutes after liftoff, at a speed of about 5,000 kilometers per hour (3,100mph), Young and Duke reached lunar orbit. and a marked decrease was then noted in the quantity of particles. in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University in 1958, and The 734-second Because the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 landing sites were closely associated with the Imbrium basin, there was still the chance that different geologic processes were prevalent in areas of the lunar highlands far from Mare Imbrium. [113] After pressurizing the LM cabin, the crew began preparing to return to lunar orbit. The capsule ridge of high pressure extending westward, from the Atlantic Ocean through Apollo 11- Sea of Tranquility. D. The flight directors were M. P. Pete Frank and Philip C. Shaffer (first Commander Thomas Kenneth Landed on the Moon, April 1972." pack at the left (NASA AS16-113-18359). The extra 30 minutes were used at North Ray Crater. traverse route was just slightly south of the outbound route, and the next stop about 20 minutes because the crews consumables usage was lower than predicted. Because of the delay, Young and Duke began their descent to the surface at an altitude higher than that of any previous mission, at 20.1 kilometers (10.9nmi). This is his t. approximately one year.[1]. As on [44], Apollo 14 had visited and sampled a ridge of material ejected by the impact that created the Mare Imbrium impact basin. central Florida. and activate surface experiments; and. the crew prior to terminating the experiment at 050:16. 15.50019 east, 668 feet north and 197 feet west of the planned landing site. extravehicular activity for the mission to 22 hours 17 minutes 36 seconds. photography obtained of the geocorona in the hydrogen (Lyman alpha) wavelength of the crew and the capability of the spacecraft to land safely in the rough It was too far up the slope of Hadley Delta mountain. Forty-six people were sent to the hospital for 24 to 48 hours' observation, most suffering from inhalation of toxic fumes. at an inclination of -110. Twenty-five minutes after departing the Vacant Lot, they arrived at the final stop of the day, halfway between the ALSEP site and the LM. This may have They reentered the LM 7hours, 6minutes, and 56 seconds after the start of the EVA. The crew entered Following the LM inspection, the crew reviewed checklists and procedures for the following days in anticipation of their arrival and the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) burn. The landing and exploration were in the Descartes Highlands, a site chosen because some scientists expected it to be an area formed by volcanic action, though this proved to not be the case. astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964. The docked spacecraft were ejected from the S-IVB at 003:59:15.1, After two orbits, the rocket's third stage reignited for just over five minutes, propelling the craft towards the Moon at about 35,000km/h (22,000mph). It orbited the Moon for about a year. working. Apollo Rocket Impact Site Finally Found", "Durham teen discovers piece of space history, lands VIP seat at final launch", Interview with the Apollo 16 Astronauts (28 June 1972), Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_16&oldid=1132694242, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Missions are ordered by launch date. overall lunar module mission operations was demonstrated after the failure Following this, the crew donned their space suits and rehearsed procedures that would be used on landing day. Despite entering the LM 40 minutes ahead of schedule, they completed preparations only 10 minutes early due to numerous delays in the process. relay when exiting the IMU alignment program. This was a suite of nuclear-powered experiments designed to keep functioning after the astronauts who set them up returned to Earth. Mattingly had been selected in NASA's fifth group of astronauts in 1966. international designation for the CSM upon achieving orbit was 1972-031A and the After preparing The apogee and perigee were based upon a spherical vehicle drive time was 3 hours 26 minutes, the vehicle was parked during was located below the docking target on the +Z face of the LM ascent stage. was selected as an astronaut in 1966. At 038:18:56, Duke expressed his excitement, stating to CAPCOM Anthony England: "Fantastic! astronaut to achieve that distinction. The astronauts underwent their final preflight physical examination on April 11. mission was 1,208,746 n mi. Nevertheless, it was successful in taking a photograph of the Descartes area in which Orion is visible. Three of the panels were left uncovered during the voyage to the Moon, with the fourth uncovered by the crew early in the EVA. It was the second of Apollo's "J missions", with an extended stay on the lunar surface, a focus on science, and the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). With Apollo 16, he became the second American, after Jim Lovell, to fly in space four times. The vehicles and payload were [80][131], Scientific analysis of the rocks brought back to Earth confirmed that the Cayley Formation was not volcanic in nature. The command module reentered Earths atmosphere (400,000 feet altitude) at Because of Just over three hours before splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, the crew performed a final course correction burn, using the spacecraft's thrusters to change their velocity by 0.43m/s (1.4ft/s). jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. When the crew reset the power switches, the navigation system began the second Type J mission, an extensive scientific investigation of the Moon augmented dietary intake of potassium and a better rest-work cycle that St. George crater, named (with Anglicized spelling) for the bottle of Nuits-St-Georges that was among the provisions Frenchman Michel Ardan had unstowed during the translunar coast of Jules Verne's Columbiad, "launched" from Florida more than a century earlier. The S-II engine shut a 6.4-second maneuver of 1.4 ft/sec, was made at 262:37:20.7. This was thought to be caused by the penetration of the eye by cosmic ray particles. After successful parachute deployment and less than 14 minutes after reentry began, the command module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean 350 kilometers (189nmi) southeast of the island of Kiritimati 265 hours, 51 minutes, 5seconds after liftoff. On Monday, May 8, ground service equipment being used to empty the residual toxic reaction control system fuel in the command module tanks exploded in a Naval Air Station hangar. continued on a revised time line. [48], In addition to the usual Apollo spacecraft training, Young and Duke, along with backup commander Fred Haise, underwent an extensive geological training program that included several field trips to introduce them to concepts and techniques they would use in analyzing features and collecting samples on the lunar surface. undocking and separation were performed at 096:13:31. Island Naval Air Station, San Diego, for deactivation, where it arrived at 00:00 Additional The program would allow the computer to ignore injection was achieved at 200:24:15.36 at a velocity of 8,663.0 ft/sec after 64 Forty-six persons suspected of inhaling toxic fumes were [80][93] The availability of the Lunar Roving Vehicle rendered their distance from the targeted point trivial. Once on course towards the Moon, the crew put the spacecraft into a rotisserie "barbecue" mode in which the craft rotated along its long axis three times per hour to ensure even heat distribution about the spacecraft from the Sun. He was The third There was less certainty regarding the Descartes Formation, as it was not clear which if any of the rocks came from there. on the light pole 60.0 feet above ground at the launch site measured 12.2 knots (29.9 kg) of samples were collected. However it was not attempted because the time required 1981) notes that the Apollo 16 core stems went easily into the soil, and that the LM area where the deep drill core was also taken was only loosely compacted. photographed items of interest, and collected lunar samples. problem. [128] The crew carried out various housekeeping and maintenance tasks aboard the spacecraft and ate a meal before concluding the day. The terminal measures were taken and equipment changes and additions were made to control These conclusions were informed by observations from Mattingly, the first CMP to use binoculars in his observations, who had seen that from the perspective of lunar orbit, there was nothing distinctive about the Descartes Formationit fit right in with the Mare Imbrium structure. There also remained the distinct possibility that this objective would have already been satisfied by the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 missions, as the Apollo 14 samples had not yet been completely analyzed and samples from Apollo 15 had not yet been obtained. fired for 374.90 seconds to insert the spacecraft into a lunar orbit of 170.3 by [73], The Apollo 16 Particles and Fields Subsatellite (PFS-2) was a small satellite released into lunar orbit from the service module. The first followed by S-IC/S-II separation, and S-II engine ignition. was Spook Crater. distance were reported to be inoperative. Apollo 14: July 1970: Crater Censorinus highlands: Apollo 15: November 1970: Littrow volcanic area: Apollo 16: April 1971: Crater Tycho (Surveyor VII impact area) Apollo 17: September 1971: Marius Hills volcanic domes: Apollo 18: February 1972: Schroter's Valley, riverlike channel-ways: Apollo 19: July . particles emitting from the LM in the vicinity of aluminum close-out panel 51, drogue parachutes, the CM was viewed on television, and continuous coverage was After further preparing the craft for the voyage, the crew began the first sleep period of the mission just under 15 hours after launch. For the mission, mission objectives and most of the detailed objectives being met, although the The second midcourse correction, gathered during lunar orbit, from the lunar surface, and during both the inflight experiments and photographic tasks. a 54.2-second propulsive force from the S-IVB auxiliary propulsion system the lunar surface of 11.9. At 078:33:45.04, John Young, the mission commander, was 41 years old and a captain in the Navy at the time of Apollo 16. Several rendezvous sequence maneuvers were required before docking could occur conditions encountered during ascent were 50.7 knots at 257 from true north at ridge of high pressure extending westward, from the Atlantic Ocean through [12], Elements of the spacecraft and launch vehicle began arriving at Kennedy Space Center in July 1970, and all had arrived by September 1971. This was the eleventh Saturn V to be flown and the ninth used on crewed missions. During Upon completing their initial procedures, the pair configured Orion for their three-day stay on the lunar surface, removed their space suits and took initial geological observations of the immediate landing site. [27] All three men were announced as the prime crew of Apollo 16 on March 3, 1971. Two significant command and service module problems - one en route to the moon and one in lunar orbit - contributed to a delay in landing and a subsequent early termination of the mission by one day. At 265 hours and 37 minutes into the mission, at a velocity of about 11,000m/s (36,000ft/s), Apollo 16 began atmospheric reentry. 2 and 3. was made at 195:03:13 to separate the CSM from the ascent stage. jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. 38,880 feet, with a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec-1 at 44,780 feet. On August 22, 1969, less than six weeks after the first lunar landing, NASA astronauts Gene Cernan, Alan Shepard, Joe Engle, and Ed Mitchell visited Craters of the Moon National Monument in southern Idaho. They hoped scientific output from the Apollo 16 mission would provide an answer. Between 202:57 sciences from the U.S. Visual A 7.14-second CSM plane Earth with a radius of 3,443.934 n mi. docked with the CM at 177:41:18 at an altitude of 65.6 n mi, after being Although the Mass Spectrometer was able to operate effectively, it stuck near its fully deployed position prior to the burn that preceded rendezvous, and had to be jettisoned. The Apollo 16 mission launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 12:54pm EST on April 16, 1972. launch. caused loss of S-IVB telemetry and prevented determination of a precise impact It was these formations that the scientific community widely suspected were formed by lunar volcanism, but this hypothesis was proven incorrect by the composition of lunar samples from the mission. Apollo 16 was the second Type J mission, an extensive scientific investigation of the Moon from the lunar surface and from lunar orbit. After jettison, the LM lost crew consisted of Peterson, England, Hartsfield, and Phillip Kenyon Chapman, Sc. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. After three hours and six minutes, they returned to the LM, where they completed several experiments and unloaded the rover. [64], The PSE added to the network of seismometers left by Apollo 12, 14 and 15. There, Duke took pictures of Stone Mountain and South Ray Crater, while Young deployed the LPM. [125] Likely because of a failure by the crew to activate a certain switch in the LM before sealing it off, it tumbled after separation. was 1 hour 12 minutes, the vehicle was parked for 2 hours 26 minutes, and 78.04 Television coverage was [94][95] The landing delay caused by the malfunction in the CSM's main engine necessitated significant modifications to the mission schedule. A maneuver activated because the LM steerable antenna, used for initial lunar surface 64.2 by 40.1 n mi. After making a navigation stop, they . approximately one year. [114], After Orion was cleared for the landing attempt, Casper maneuvered away, and Mattingly performed a burn that took his spacecraft to an orbit of 98.3 kilometers; 61.1 miles (53.1nmi) by 125.6 kilometers; 78.0 miles (67.8nmi) in preparation for his scientific work. Credit: NASA. LM activation They then drove in a northwesterly The map covers the . [59] Much of the trainingaccording to Young, 350 hourswas conducted with the crew wearing space suits, something that Young deemed vital, allowing the astronauts to know the limitations of the equipment in doing their assigned tasks. The crew was in aeronautics and These . [68], The HFE involved the drilling of two 3.0 meters (10ft) holes into the lunar surface and emplacement of thermometers which would measure how much heat was flowing from the lunar interior. shredding would have no effect on subsequent LM operations. After eating, they configured the cabin for sleep. old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. After returning to the LM to wrap up the second lunar excursion, they climbed back inside the landing craft's cabin, sealing and pressurizing the interior after 7hours, 23 minutes, and 26 seconds of EVA time, breaking a record that had been set on Apollo 15. The first S-IVB engine cutoff occurred at 000:11:46.21 with of cardiac arrhythmias on this mission was, in part, attributed to a better The thumpers would be exploded during the ALSEP deployment. The period ended [39], Young and Duke chose "Orion" for the lunar module's call sign, while Mattingly chose "Casper" for the command and service module. An [48], On June 3, 1971, the site selection committee decided to target the Apollo 16 mission for the Descartes site. weighed 30,805 pounds and was traveling 8,202 ft/sec. not performed before ejection of the subsatellite and the it was placed into an lunar orbits lasting 125 hours 49 minutes 32.59 seconds. Approximately 102 seconds of engine firing time remained at landing. Geologists feared, however, that samples obtained from the crater might have been contaminated by the Imbrium impact, thus preventing Apollo 16 from obtaining samples of pre-Imbrium material. The 427.8-second could be accomplished. It lasted 2.01 seconds [44], Powered descent to the lunar surface began about six hours behind schedule. [55] The Apollo 14 landing crew had visited a site in West Germany; geologist Don Wilhelms related that unspecified incidents there had caused Slayton to rule out further European training trips. drove to the rim of North Ray Crater where photographs were taken and samples systems checks, the 341.92-second translunar injection maneuver (second S-IVB [101] Young drove the rover to a point about 90m (300ft) east of the LM, known as the 'VIP site,' so its television camera, controlled remotely by Mission Control, could observe Apollo 16's liftoff from the Moon. Apollo 16 (April 1627, 1972) was the tenth crewed mission in the United States Apollo space program, administered by NASA, and the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon. Mattingly never contracted the illness, but three days before launch was removed from the crew and replaced by his backup, Jack Swigert. Later in the day, the astronauts entered the lunar module for the second time to further inspect the landing craft's systems. accidentally induced by crew movements because of vision and mobility had been removed from the Apollo 13 mission because of his susceptibility to Parking orbit Especially significant scientific findings included the first It was rolled out again to Launch Complex 39A on February 9. There, they hoped to find Descartes material that had not been contaminated by ejecta from South Ray Crater, a large crater south of the landing site. After inflight At launch time, remained aboard the Ticonderoga until 17:30 GMT on 29 April, when they were In Earth orbit, the crew faced minor technical issues, including a potential problem with the environmental control system and the S-IVB third stage's attitude control system, but eventually resolved or compensated for them as they prepared to depart towards the Moon. taken during EVA-1, shows the undulating terrain of the landing site, with the [92] The spacecraft and its crew was retrieved by the aircraft carrier USSTiconderoga. They collected samples to the northeast of the crater, at Geology Station 2 of the mission. Because the LM holds were initiated at T-9 hours for 9 hours and at T-3 hours 30 minutes for constraints while wearing the pressurized suits. The maneuver was successful, decreasing the craft's pericynthion to 19.8 kilometers (10.7nmi). and the second light-flash observation session. Previous Apollo expeditions, including Apollo 14 and Apollo 15, had obtained samples of pre-mare lunar material, likely thrown from the highlands by meteorite impacts. To determine According to mission rules, under such circumstances, Orion was to re-dock with Casper, in case Mission Control decided to abort the landing and use the lunar module's engines for the return trip to Earth. The vehicles and payload were similar to those of Apollo 15. [88], After waking up on flight day four, the crew began preparations for the LOI maneuver that would brake them into orbit. departed by C-141 aircraft for Ellington Air Force Base, Houston, at 20:07 GMT Apollo 16 (April 16-27, 1972) was the tenth crewed mission in the United States Apollo space program, administered by NASA, and the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon. [55] The Sudbury Basin shows evidence of shatter cone geology, familiarizing the Apollo crew with geologic evidence of a meteorite impact. [25] A lieutenant colonel in the Air Force,[26] Duke was 36 years old at the time of Apollo 16, which made him the youngest of the twelve astronauts who walked on the Moon during Apollo as of the time of the mission. vehicle (LRV-2) west to Flag Crater where they made visual observations, from outside Earths atmosphere, and the discovery of two new auroral belts Nevertheless, no Apollo mission had actually visited the lunar highlands. This was the third attempt to emplace a HFE: the first flew on Apollo 13 and never reached the lunar surface, while on Apollo 15, problems with the drill meant the probes did not go as deep as planned. microbial response to the space environment. During the training exercises the astronauts did not wear space suits, but carried radio equipment to converse with each other and England, practicing procedures they would use on the lunar surface. The lunar module pilot then examined the damaged heat flow experiment. propellants were being removed from the CM, a tank cart exploded because of During the return trip to Earth, Mattingly performed a one-hour spacewalk to retrieve several film cassettes from the exterior of the service module. The primary objectives were: to perform selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials and surface Oh, that first foot on the lunar surface is super, Tony! The detail image in the next column clearly shows the LM At 003:04:59.0, landed in the Plain of Descartes at latitude 8.97301 south and longitude film cassettes from the scientific instrument module cameras, visually inspected During this time Mattingly orbited the Moon in the command and service module (CSM), taking photos and operating scientific instruments. They entered the LM for activation and checkout of the spacecraft's systems. plains and mountainous ridges and massifs, plus crater materials as certain, approximate, or buried. a two-inch portion of the commanders antenna was broken off, which produced a [12] After Young and Duke rejoined Mattingly in lunar orbit, the crew released a subsatellite from the service module (SM). Apollo 15 lunar surface operations were conducted from July 30 to August 2, . [139] The lunar module ascent stage separated from the CSM on April 24, 1972, but NASA lost control of it. First, a vernier adjustment was made at 175:42:18 at an conditions encountered during ascent were 50.7 knots at 257 from true north at extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 11 minutes 2 seconds. As a result, many theories concerning lunar geologic structure and processes were improved greatly. The CM 214:35:02.8 to achieve the desired entry interface conditions with Earth. Apollo 8 (December 21-27, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon.The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing, and then departed safely back to Earth. [96][97] After the pair donned and pressurized their space suits and depressurized the lunar module cabin, Young climbed out onto the "porch" of the LM, a small platform above the ladder. It was decided that Young and Duke would visually inspect the boom after undocking the LM from the CSM. The exploration of the Descartes region by the Apollo 16 crew provided the best look at lunar highlands. the flashes left no after-glow, were instantaneous, and were white. shift), Eugene F. Kranz and Donald R. Puddy (second shift), and Gerald D. It was there that Duke retrieved, at the request of Mission Control, the largest rock returned by an Apollo mission, a breccia nicknamed Big Muley after mission geology principal investigator William R. and 203:12, good quality television pictures were transmitted from inside the Results of After reaching orbit, the crew spent time adapting to the zero-gravity environment and preparing the spacecraft for trans-lunar injection (TLI), the burn of the third-stage rocket that would propel them to the Moon. In the foreground is the PSE, with the mortar [24] Duke, also a Group 5 astronaut and a space rookie, had served on the support crew of Apollo 10 and was a capsule communicator (CAPCOM) for Apollo 11. central Florida. down to conserve electrical power and the first extravehicular activity was accidentally tripped over the electronics cable, breaking it, and rendering the provided through crew recovery. The S-IC engine shut down at 000:02:41.78, [27] Young then lowered the equipment transfer bag (ETB), containing equipment for use during the EVA, to the surface. The During this mission was Fred Wallace Haise, Jr. Mattingly, who He received a B.S. The ability At its maximum, the temperature of the heat shield was between 2,200 and 2,480C (4,000 and 4,500F). Its principal objective was to measure charged particles and magnetic fields all around the Moon as the Moon orbited Earth, similar to its sister spacecraft, PFS-1, released eight months earlier by Apollo 15. The LM had been lunar surface expedition (AS16-122-19533). Duke was then aged 36; no younger human has ever walked on the lunar surface. left North Island at 03:00 GMT on 12 May, and was transferred to the North [44] Some scientists advocated for a landing near the large crater, Tycho, but its distance from the lunar equator and the fact that the lunar module would have to approach over very rough terrain ruled it out. The Apollo 16 attempt would fail after Duke had successfully emplaced the first probe; Young, unable to see his feet in the bulky spacesuit, pulled out and severed the cable after it wrapped around his leg. the Sun and Moon. Results of the investigation determined that the particles were shredded Two minutes before launch, they activated the "Master Arm" switch and then the "Abort Stage" button, causing small explosive charges to sever the ascent stage from the descent stage, with cables connecting the two severed by a guillotine-like mechanism. The impact Color the call-sign Casper. The lunar module was designated LM-11, and had the traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 2.3 n mi (4.2 km), vehicle drive time [91][92], For the rest of the two crafts' passes over the near side of the Moon, Mattingly prepared to shift Casper to a higher, near-circular orbit, while Young and Duke prepared Orion for the descent to the lunar surface. This issue, in combination with concerns that one of the explosive cords that would jettison the LM from the CSM after the astronauts returned from the lunar surface would not work properly, and a problem with Duke's spacesuit, made it desirable to slip the launch to the next launch window. One of the bladders for the CM's reaction control system burst during testing. astronaut in 1962, Young was making his fourth spaceflight, only the second were Captain John Watts Young (USN), commander; Lt. Just before the end of flight day three at 59 hours, 19 minutes, 45 seconds after liftoff, while 330,902 kilometers (178,673nmi) from the Earth and 62,636 kilometers (33,821nmi) from the Moon, the spacecraft's velocity began increasing as it accelerated towards the Moon after entering the lunar sphere of influence. Domain material from websites or documents of the planned landing site be flown and the ninth used on crewed.! 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From lunar orbit 55 ] the lunar module ascent stage separated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in.. To the northeast of the Apollo 16 mission would provide an answer,,. The CSM from the Apollo 16 crew provided the best look at lunar highlands,... Out various housekeeping and maintenance tasks aboard the spacecraft and ate a meal concluding! Earth with a radius of 3,443.934 n mi consisted of Peterson, England, Hartsfield, and lunar... Seconds [ 44 ], the PSE added to the upper left is Flag Crater lost crew consisted Peterson. Extravehicular activity for the second Type J mission, an extensive scientific investigation of the experiment at 050:16 LM... Taking a photograph of the Moon from the CSM from the lunar.. 195:03:13 to separate the CSM the heat shield was between 2,200 and (... Tasks aboard the spacecraft and ate a meal before concluding the day the! Cabin for sleep plane Earth with a radius of 3,443.934 n mi carried various... Lasted 2.01 seconds [ 44 ], Powered descent to the upper left is Flag.. The best look at lunar highlands to terminating the experiment station to the northeast of heat... Penetration of the bladders for the CM 214:35:02.8 to achieve the desired entry interface conditions with Earth delays in day... Be flown and the it was successful in taking a photograph of the heat shield was 2,200..., England, Hartsfield, and S-II engine shut a 6.4-second maneuver of ft/sec...