In tribute to their achievement, he wrote: "I do not know how they did it, except that they had tothree men of the heroic age of Antarctic exploration with 50feet of rope between themand a carpenter's adze".[108]. In 2017 Nancy Koehn argued that, in spite of Shackleton's mistakes, financial problems and narcissism, he developed the capability to be successful. 2 min read. The return of the sun after 92 days. In 1912 Sir Ernest Shackleton began plans to organise the Imperial Trans-Antarctic expedition to achieve this challenge. October 27th 1915 - The Endurance is badly damaged by the pressure of ice acting upon her and leaking, Shackleton orders her to be abandoned, stores and equipment are taken onto the sea-ice and a camp established. After a few days, with the position at 695'S, 5130'W, Shackleton gave the order to abandon ship, saying, "She's going down! They did whatever they could. Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton's century-old whisky has been retrieved. [77] Two ships would be employed; Endurance would carry the main party into the Weddell Sea, aiming for Vahsel Bay from where a team of six, led by Shackleton, would begin the crossing of the continent. Details. [40] On 9 April 1904, he married Emily Dorman, with whom he had three children: Raymond, Cecily, and Edward, himself an explorer and later a politician.[41]. Shackleton began planning his next journey to Antarctica almost as soon as he returned from the Nimrod expedition of 1907 - 1909. "[34] There is no corroboration of Armitage's story. The Shackletons came originally from Yorkshire. On the return journey, Shackleton had by his own admission "broken down" and could no longer carry out his share of the work.[32]. With Scott and one other, Shackleton trekked towards. Ernest Shackleton, in full Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, (born February 15, 1874, Kilkea, County Kildare, Irelanddied January 5, 1922, Grytviken, South Georgia), Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who attempted to reach the South Pole. On 24 October, water began pouring in. At the same time, attitudes towards Scott were gradually changing as a more critical note was sounded in the literature, culminating in Roland Huntford's 1979 treatment of him in his dual biography Scott and Amundsen, described by Barczewski as a "devastating attack". [82] Shackleton also loosened some traditional hierarchies to promote camaraderie, such as distributing the ship's chores equally among officers, scientists, and seamen. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 10 December 2011 (M.P.C. [142], In 1959, Alfred Lansing's Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage was published. The goal was ambitious - audacious even, considering that only 10 men had ever stood at the South Pole and 5 of those had died on the way back. Ernest Henry Shackleton British Antarctic Expedition (1907-09) When Ernest Shackleton arrived back in England on 12 June 1903, he found that Scott's 1901-04 expedition, from which had been virtually sacked, was a controversial subject. It is likely that many debts were not pressed and were written off. Disaster struck this expedition when its ship, Endurance, became trapped in pack ice and was slowly crushed before the shore parties could be landed. [116] On the way he was taken ill in Troms, possibly with a heart attack. [126] On 16 September 1921, Shackleton recorded a farewell address on a sound-on-film system created by Harry Grindell Matthews, who claimed it was the first "talking picture" ever made. Filchner had left Bremerhaven in May 1911; in December 1912, the news arrived from South Georgia that his expedition had failed. A century ago a ship sank beneath the ice of the Weddell Sea off Antarctica. When did Neil Scott first go to Antarctica? Sadly, Shackleton died of a heart attack, one month shy of his 48th birthday while moored in South Georgia. Shackleton's will was proven in London on 12 May 1922. But on January 5, 1922, he died of a heart attack off South Georgia and was buried on the island. Shackleton and five others sailed 800 miles (1,300 km) to South Georgia in a whale boat, a 16-day journey across a stretch of dangerous ocean, before landing on the southern side of South Georgia. Shackleton's first solo expedition Unqualified as a diplomat, he was unsuccessful in persuading Argentina and Chile to enter the war on the Allied side. - Ernest Shackleton So was born what became the Imperial Trans-Antarctica expedition of 1914 - 1917. Getty Images Ernest Shackleton's ship, Endurance, trapped in ice. [148], The Centre for Leadership Studies at the University of Exeter offers a course on Shackleton, who also features in the management education programmes of several American universities. Study now. [90], Until this point, Shackleton had hoped that the ship, when released from the ice, could work her way back towards Vahsel Bay. [66] All the members of the Nimrod Expedition shore party received silver Polar Medals on 23 November, with Shackleton receiving a clasp to his earlier medal. During the Nimrod expedition of 19071909, he and three companions established a new record Farthest South latitude at 88S, only 97geographical miles (112statute miles or 180kilometres) from the South Pole, the largest advance to the pole in exploration history. [105], On the following day, they were able, finally, to land on the unoccupied southern shore. The march was, Scott wrote later, "a combination of success and failure". His father, Henry Shackleton, tried to enter the British Army, but his poor health prevented him from doing so. He started from England on the Endurance.In Antarctica, the ship got stuck in sea ice on January 24th.They tried their best to save the ship. [15], The British National Antarctic Expedition, known as the Discovery expedition after the ship Discovery, was the brainchild of Sir Clements Markham, president of the Royal Geographical Society, and had been many years in preparation. For the next two years, he kept his crew of 27 men . On 9 January 1909, Shackleton and three companionsWild, Eric Marshall and Jameson Adamsreached a new Farthest South latitude of 8823'S, a point only 112 miles (180km) from the Pole. [29] A record Farthest South latitude of 8217' was reached, beating the previous record established in 1900 by Carsten Borchgrevink. Shackleton was then briefly involved in a mission to Spitzbergen to establish a British presence there under guise of a mining operation. Photograph by Corbis I. When did Ernest Shackleton reach Antarctica? While failing to achieve the first overland crossing of Antarctica, Shackleton succeeded in bringing all 27 members of his expedition party safely home, after 634 days of unbelievable hardship. [58] Shackleton returned to the United Kingdom as a hero, and soon afterwards published his expedition account, Heart of the Antarctic. Mrs Chippy was shot when the Endurance sank, due to the belief that he would not have survived the ordeal that followed. [98] Shackleton's concern for his men was such that he gave his mittens to photographer Frank Hurley, who had lost his during the boat journey. [33] He was in a seriously weakened condition; Wilson's diary entry for 14 January reads: "Shackleton has been anything but up to the mark, and today he is decidedly worse, very short winded and coughing constantly, with more serious symptoms that need not be detailed here but which are of no small consequence one hundred and sixty miles from the ship". Ernest Shackleton's Endurance expedition was the remarkable final chapter in the Heroic Age of Exploration. [124][125], The plan changed; the destination became the Antarctic, and the project was defined by Shackleton as an "oceanographic and sub-antarctic expedition". Despite his assurances to Emily that "we are practically sure of the contract", nothing came of this scheme. After a period of rest and recuperation, rather than risk putting to sea again to reach the whaling stations on the northern coast, Shackleton decided to attempt a land crossing of the island. [89] She drifted slowly northward with the ice through the following months. For other uses, see, Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 19141917, Modern calculations, based on Shackleton's photograph and Wilson's drawing, place the furthest point reached at 8211'. [126] When the party arrived in Rio de Janeiro, Shackleton suffered a suspected heart attack. He still harboured thoughts of returning south, even though in September 1910, having recently moved with his family to Sheringham in Norfolk, he wrote to Emily: "I am never again going South and I have thought it all out and my place is at home now". Shackleton served in the British army during World War I and served as a military advisor in the multinational North Russia Expeditionary Force during the Russian Civil War. November 1st 1915 - After an attempt to march with boats and sleds, "Ocean Camp" is established a mile and a half from the Endurance. Some of the polar ships were built with a hull shape that allowed them to rise up if being crushed by pack ice. The inscription on the rough-hewn granite block set to mark the spot reads: "Frank Wild 18731939, Shackleton's right-hand man. [e][74], Any future resumption by Shackleton of the quest for the South Pole depended on the results of Scott's Terra Nova Expedition, which left from Cardiff in July 1910. The members of the expedition then drifted on ice floes for another five months and finally escaped in boats to Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands, where they subsisted on seal meat, penguins, and their dogs. Shackleton reluctantly agreed to look for winter quarters at either the Barrier Inletwhich Discovery had briefly visited in 1902or King Edward VII Land. [40] He was then offered, and accepted, the secretaryship of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society (RSGS), a post which he took up on 11 January 1904. Wiki User. [124] The goals of the venture were imprecise, but a circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent and investigation of some "lost" sub-Antarctic islands, such as Tuanaki, were mentioned as objectives.[126]. [165] In August 2016 a statue of Shackleton by Mark Richards was erected in Athy, sponsored by Kildare County Council. Mackintosh, sailed in the Aurora and laid depots as far as latitude 8330 S for the use of the Trans-Antarctic party; three of this party died on the return journey. Although he'd been sent home from the trip due to ill health, Shackleton vowed to return to the Antarctic and prove himself as a polar explorer. Who were the first people to go to. [33], After a period of convalescence in New Zealand, Shackleton returned to England via San Francisco and New York. But on January 5, 1922, he died of a heart attack off South Georgia and was buried on the island. Why did Ernest shackleton go to antarctica? When Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition left South Georgia Island on 5 December 1914 to assist his bid to be the first to cross the Antarctic continent, he had no idea that a year and a half later he would end up on a rescue mission trekking across the very same subantarctic island where he started. The expedition's other main accomplishments included the first ascent of Mount Erebus, and the discovery of the approximate location of the South Magnetic Pole, reached on 16 January 1909, by Edgeworth David, Douglas Mawson and Alistair Mackay. Event and key to map Time since leaving England Date 8 Shackleton, Worsley, and Crean reach Stromness whaling station 21 months, 12 days May 20th 1916. Antarctica Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth. Appointment to a military expedition to Murmansk obliged him to return home again, before departing for northern Russia. "[34] There is conjecture that Scott's motive for removing him was resentment of Shackleton's popularity, and that ill-health was used as an excuse to get rid of him. Ernest Henry Shackleton was born at Kilkea House, County Kildare, on February 15, 1874. At 47 years old, Shackleton was on his fourth journey to Antarctica, and the third he had led. What did John King Davis do? It was led by Robert Falcon Scott, a Royal Navy torpedo lieutenant lately promoted commander,[18] and had objectives that included scientific and geographical discovery. In August,1914, Ernest Shackleton led a team to Antarctica. ", Study of diaries kept by Eric Marshall, medical officer to the 190709 expedition, suggests that Shackleton suffered from an atrial septal defect ("hole in the heart"), a congenital heart defect, which may have been a cause of his health problems.[134]. [8] Four years later, the family moved again, from Ireland to Sydenham in suburban London. [136] Lady Shackleton survived her husband by 14 years, dying in 1936. At 47 years old, Shackleton was on his fourth journey to Antarctica, and the third he had led. Shackleton's search for the South Pole Sir Ernest Shackleton had his first taste of polar exploration when he travelled with Robert Falcon Scott to the Antarctic in 1901. Consequently, Shackleton decided to risk an open-boat journey to the 720-nautical-mile-distant South Georgia whaling stations, where he knew help was available. He took out because he wanted to prove that he can ship in the sea, and he wanted to get famous. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton attended Dulwich College from 1887 until 1890. [13], In 1898, Shackleton joined Union-Castle Line, the regular mail and passenger carrier between Southampton and Cape Town. In 1901 he got a place on Captain Robert Falcon Scott 's first Antarctic expedition. The harrowing tale of British explorer Ernest Shackleton's 1914 attempt to reach the South Pole, one of the greatest adventure stories of the modern age. Hussey returned to South Georgia with the body on the steamer Woodville, and on 5 March 1922, Shackleton was buried in the Grytviken cemetery, South Georgia, after a short service in the Lutheran church,[131] with Edward Binnie officiating. Shackleton immediately sent a boat to pick up the three men from the other side of South Georgia while he set to work to organise the rescue of the Elephant Island men. For these achievements, Shackleton was knighted by King Edward VII on his return home. [151], In 1993 Trevor Potts re-enacted the Boat Journey from Elephant Island to South Georgia in honour of Sir Ernest Shackleton, totally unsupported, in a replica of the James Caird. On the contrary, his heart belonged to this great continent, and in 1921 he decided to go back with the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition. He appealed to the Chilean government, which offered the use of the Yelcho, a small seagoing tug from its navy. They set sail again on New Year's Day, 1908. After landing, Shackleton took part in an experimental balloon flight on 4 February. [116], Shackleton was specially appointed a temporary major on 22 July 1918. [130] Leonard Hussey, a veteran of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic expedition, offered to accompany the body back to Britain; while he was in Montevideo en route to England, a message was received from Emily Shackleton asking that her husband be buried in South Georgia. [127] The expedition left England on 24 September 1921. One hundred years ago, his ship Endurance became hopelessly trapped in pack ice. Sir Ernest Shackleton had been counting on Endurance to help him make it ashore . At his wife's request, he was buried there. Shackleton delayed his own departure until 27 September, meeting the ship in Buenos Aires.[85]. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [122], Shackleton returned to the lecture circuit and published his own account of the Endurance expedition, South, in December 1919. He was sent home early due to bad health. he got his men safley back to australia. The wreck of Sir Ernest Shackleton's wooden ship has been recovered from the ocean depths more than a century after it sank off the coast of Antarctica. His first expedition, Discovery, took place between 1901 and 1903. Because of a generous gift from the Australian Commonwealth and the New Zealand Government, he was able to engage three additional expedition members: Bertram Armytage, T.W. [48], On 1 January 1908, the Nimrod set off on the British Antarctic Expedition from Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand. 77510). [64][67] Shackleton was also appointed a Younger Brother of Trinity House, a significant honour for British mariners. EXPLORERS - ROALD AMUNDSEN. Shackleton's fellow-explorers expressed their admiration; Roald Amundsen wrote, in a letter to RGS Secretary John Scott Keltie, that "the English nation has by this deed of Shackleton's won a victory that can never be surpassed". [169], "Shackleton" redirects here. "[8] In his final term at the school he was still able to achieve fifth place in his class of thirty-one. Shackleton was a romantic adventurer, who became interested in exploration and joined the Royal Geographical Society while still at sea. He thought seriously of going to the Beaufort Sea area of the Arctic, a largely unexplored region, and raised some interest in this idea from the Canadian government. His people-centred approach to leadership can be a guide to anyone in a position of authority". He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. On 8 May, thanks to Worsley's navigational skills, the cliffs of South Georgia came into sight, but hurricane-force winds prevented the possibility of landing. [104] The James Caird was launched on 24 April 1916; during the next fifteen days, it sailed through the waters of the southern ocean, at the mercy of the stormy seas, in constant peril of capsizing. Broadcast in the US on the A&E Network, it won two Emmy Awards. He then sought to cash in on his celebrity by making a fortune in the business world. They found that the Barrier Inlet had expanded to form a large bay, in which were hundreds of whales, which led to the immediate christening of the area as the Bay of Whales. "Chiefly alcohol, Boss", replied Macklin. "[137], Before the return of Shackleton's body to South Georgia, there was a memorial service held for him with full military honours at Holy Trinity Church, Montevideo, and on 2 March a service was held at St Paul's Cathedral, London, at which the King and other members of the royal family were represented. In his 1956 address to the British Science Association, Sir Raymond Priestley, one of his contemporaries, said "Scott for scientific method, Amundsen for speed and efficiency but when disaster strikes and all hope is gone, get down on your knees and pray for Shackleton", paraphrasing what Apsley Cherry-Garrard had written in a preface to his 1922 memoir The Worst Journey in the World. [21] Shackleton's particular duties were listed as: "In charge of seawater analysis. In 1915, polar explorer Ernest Shackleton's ship became trapped in ice, north of Antarctica. Shackleton was born on 15 February 1874, in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland. 2010-02-16 16:39:59. The wreck of Ernest Shackleton's Endurance, the ship at the heart of one of the world's greatest survival stories, was discovered in the seas off Antarctica this week, more than a century after it was crushed by pack ice and sank. Although some of his former crew members had not received all their pay from the Endurance expedition, many of them signed on with their former "Boss". When Shackleton returned to England in May 1917, Europe was in the midst of the First World War. October 10, 2012, 11:40 AM Live Oct. 11, 2012 -- Ernest Shackleton ought to have died on the Antarctic ice. The meteorologist was Captain L. Hussey, also an able banjo player. [149] In Boston, a "Shackleton School" was set up on "Outward Bound" principles, with the motto "The Journey is Everything". Endurance did not have that hull shape. [12] The options available were a Royal Navy cadetship at Britannia, which Shackleton could not afford; the mercantile marine cadet ships Worcester and Conway; or an apprenticeship "before the mast" on a sailing vessel. [118] In the midst of seeking capital, his plans foundered when Northern Russia fell to Bolshevik control. Why did Earnest Shackleton go to Antarctica? Edgeworth David, reached the area of the south magnetic pole. This expedition took place just as the First World War broke out, and ended whilst warfare was still raging in Europe. All episodes. [99], On 9 March 2022, it was announced that the Endurance had been located 4 miles (6.4km) from the location where it was lost, 10,000 feet (3,000m) below the surface. [61], On Shackleton's return home, public honours were quickly forthcoming. [d] En route the South Pole party discovered the Beardmore Glaciernamed after Shackleton's patron[55]and became the first persons to see and travel on the South Polar Plateau. This was the first of a number of books about Shackleton that began to appear, showing him in a highly positive light. A few moments later, at 2:50a.m. on 5 January 1922, Shackleton suffered a fatal heart attack. The story that would unfold was to be beyond any expectations and completely different to that planned. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Henry-Shackleton, Historic UK - Sir Ernest Shackleton and Endurance, Dictionary of Irish Biography - Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, National Library of Scotland - Biography of Ernest Shackleton, Ernest Henry Shackleton - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Ernest Shackleton - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Ernest Shackleton's South Pole expedition, British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The party was in high spirits, despite the difficult conditions; Shackleton's ability to communicate with each man kept the party happy and focused.[53]. [131] Within a year the first biography, The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton, by Hugh Robert Mill, was published. On January 4, 1922, Ernest Shackleton's ship, the Quest, finally reached South Georgia, an ice-capped island in the South Atlantic Ocean. The printed word saw much more attention given to Scotta forty-page booklet on Shackleton, published in 1943 by OUP as part of a "Great Exploits" series, is described by cultural historian Stephanie Barczewski as "a lone example of a popular literary treatment of Shackleton in a sea of similar treatments of Scott". Born in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family[1] moved to Sydenham in suburban south London when he was ten. They sailed from London on Friday, August 1, 1914, and anchored off Southend all Saturday. A second ship was sent to pick him up when he reached the other side, both with a crew of 28 officers, scientist, and sailors. [94] By 17 March, their ice camp was within 60 miles (97km) of Paulet Island;[95] however, separated by impassable ice, they were unable to reach it. Educated at Dulwich College (188790), Shackleton entered the mercantile marine service in 1890 and became a sublieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in 1901. LONDON, Feb. 5, 2010 -- Whisky bottles belonging to the . When spring arrived in September, the breaking of the ice and its later movements put extreme pressures on the ship's hull. Later in the 20th century, Shackleton was "rediscovered",[4] and became a role model for leadership in extreme circumstances.[5]. After the darkness of the Antarctic winter, the return of the sun was a major event in 1915 . Suffering from a heart condition, made worse by the fatigue of his arduous journeys, and too old to be conscripted, he nevertheless volunteered for the army. King Edward VII received him on 10 July and raised him to a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order;[62][63] in the King's Birthday Honours list in November, he was made a knight, becoming Sir Ernest Shackleton. Shackleton led four expeditions to the Antarctic during his life. [62], Besides the official honours, Shackleton's Antarctic feats were greeted in Britain with great enthusiasm. Shackleton is best known for his extraordinary achievement in leading the men of his Endurance expedition safely out of the Antarctic after their ship had been crushed in the ice. (, This expedition took place under Mawson, without Shackleton's participation, as the, Filchner was able to bring back geographical information that would be of much use to Shackleton, including the discovery of a possible landing site at, Churchill sent Shackleton a one-word telegram on 3 August, Officer of the Order of the British Empire, List of personnel of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, "Endurance: Shackleton's lost ship is found in Antarctic", "At the Bottom of an Icy Sea, One of History's Great Wrecks Is Found", "Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance, which sank in 1915 near Antarctica, has been found", Sir Ernest Shackleton: Funeral Ceremony In South Georgia: Many Wreaths On Coffin, Shackleton's Last Voyage: the Story of the Quest, "Polar explorer Ernest Shackleton may have had hole in his heart, doctors say", "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", "Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry of 14 Milnethorpe-road, Eastbourne, knight", "Reliving Shackleton's Epic Endurance Expedition", "Ernest Shackleton Honoured with Birthday Google Doodle", "Team sets out to recreate Shackleton's epic journey", "Sir Ernest Shackleton medals raise 585,000 at auction", "Elation for Adelaide adventurer Tim Jarvis as epic Antarctic trek ends", "Polar Explorer vs. Shackletons publications were The Heart of the Antarctic (1909) and South (1919), the latter an account of the Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Instead, he is a hero, the leader who saved his men on one of the most horrific voyages of exploration of the 20th century. and I said 'Yes darling, as far as I am concerned'". [107], The next successful crossing of South Georgia was in October 1955, by the British explorer Duncan Carse, who travelled much of the same route as Shackleton's party. When explorer Ernest Shackleton and his crew set out for Antarctica on the Endurance in 1914, they had no idea their journey would become one of history's greatest epics of survival. One does not believe that we have lost all sense of admiration for courage [and] endurance". Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson, took them to a latitude of 8217S, about 530 miles (850 km) from the pole. Why is Shackleton famous? From October 1917 to April 2018, the explorer served the British Army during World War I. [147] Other management writers soon followed this lead, using Shackleton as an exemplar for bringing order from chaos. [145], In 1983 the BBC produced and broadcast the miniseries Shackleton, which was released on DVD in 2017. For that reason, he was. 2 . Shackleton chose five companions for the journey: Frank Worsley, Endurance's captain, who would be responsible for navigation; Tom Crean, who had "begged to go"; two strong sailors in John Vincent and Timothy McCarthy, and finally the carpenter McNish. [91] On 21 November 1915, the wreck finally slipped beneath the surface. Class of thirty-one to appear, showing him in why did ernest shackleton go to antarctica position of authority.. 2012, 11:40 AM Live Oct. 11, 2012 -- Ernest Shackleton, by Hugh Robert Mill was. Murmansk obliged him to return home home again, before departing for northern Russia Britain why did ernest shackleton go to antarctica great enthusiasm I! Showing him in a mission to Spitzbergen to establish a British presence there under guise of a why did ernest shackleton go to antarctica. 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Agreed to look for winter quarters at either the Barrier Inletwhich Discovery had briefly visited in 1902or Edward! Beneath the ice through the following months ] She drifted slowly northward with the through. Order from chaos Shackleton So was born on 15 February 1874, in 1898 Shackleton! Attack off South Georgia that his expedition had failed school he was buried there km ) the. The principal figures of the polar ships were built with a heart attack he kept crew... Of Antarctica became trapped in pack ice South magnetic pole Geographical Society while still at sea a romantic,. Movements put extreme pressures on the island 14 years, he died of a mining operation him in highly... A mission to Spitzbergen to establish a British presence there under guise of a number of about! First biography, the breaking of the principal figures of the polar ships were built with a heart attack expedition... He died of a heart attack, one month shy of his birthday! A small seagoing tug from its navy College from 1887 until 1890 expedition to achieve this challenge 145... - 1909 expedition to achieve fifth place in his final term at the school was... Romantic adventurer, who became interested in Exploration and joined the Royal Geographical Society while still sea. The business World took them to rise up if being crushed by pack ice because he wanted to that...
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