GDP data was obtained from the World Bank (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG). Klages-Mundt, A.; Minca, A. Optimal intervention in economic networks using influence maximization methods. Elevation. Some studies also show that topographic complexity as represented by the standard deviation of slope may be a better predictor than the average slope [19, 20]. Wang, X.-Y. In comparison to Cwa, a subclass of temperate (C), Cfa and Cfb have higher contents of NO3-F, which may be due to climatic conditions that favor leaching of nitrogen from soil with time [75, 76], or irrigation tailwater discharge from conventional farming that favors the release of nitrate contents to waterbodies in the vicinity [56]. Latitude. ; Chang, H.-Y. There are serious concerns that water quality impairment (fecal indicator bacteria, nitrogen and phosphorous) due to livestock grazing on public lands threatens human and ecological health [23, 24]. GDP positively favors P (P, P-UF), which might be linked with urbanization. The elasticity approach was used. Its no coincidence that the poorest countries are in the All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. land and water distribution [how close to or far from a large body of water]. Sun, Q.; Tang, F.; Tang, Y. More specifically speaking, topography aids in changing precipitation and temperature. Topography (the arrangement of natural and human-made physical features of an area) is one feature which affects human population growth. The mean slope and mean elevation of the sub-watershed are negatively and positively linked with P (P, P-F) and P (P, turbidity), respectively. If an area is close to a body of water it tends to make milder climates. Lv, R.; Shi, P.-J. These include latitude, elevation, nearby water, ocean currents, topography, vegetation, and prevailing winds. The response of DOC is site specific and complex to climatic drivers [67]. Welcome to Sharing Culture! Altitude or height above sea level - Locations at a higher altitude have colder temperatures. The first step is to define the number of existing relationships divided by the number of possible relationships in theory and the proximity of the network. This may be due to several reasons: Firstly, it can be a consequence of irrigation tailwater discharge which absorb heat [39, 40] and sweeps P-fertilizer from cropland which enhance water temperature. The higher up you are, the colder and drier it will be. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP. Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, 2. Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. The mean slope has a negative coefficient for T (T, PO43-UF), which acts as a sink [16]. There is a positive correlation between relief degree and elevation, and a much stronger correlation between relief degree and slope. We will accelerate the development of Dunhuang as a famous international cultural and tourism city, support the transformation and development of Yumen as a resource-exhausted city, expand Wuwei Qingyuan Wine Town and Zhangye Nijiaying Seven-Color Danxia Town, build the Guazhou agglomeration center, highlight county characteristics, and promote the integrated development of the urban and rural economies. Sparta, on the other hand, was a monarchy, with a line of hereditary monarchs. The watershed topography and local socio-economics probably impact the sensitivity of the response of water quality to climate drivers. Thirdly, precision farming technique may decrease the P-fertilizer concentration in surface waters [56]. Streamflow sensitivity to precipitation is higher in temperate climate class (C) [27], which sweeps fertilizers to waterbodies in the vicinity. The fact that the soil of Greece is rocky had a lot of economic implications. This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. Geography plays a significant role in economic development. The expected outcomes are quantitative and qualitative improvements in human capital (e.g. From 2010 to 2020, industrial diversification developed; competitive industries, especially tourism, developed rapidly; vital complementary industries differentiated, and a network of complementary industrial functions was initially formed. As humans have migrated across the planet, they have had to adapt to all the changing conditions they were exposed to. Latitude or distance from the equator Temperatures drop the further an area is from the equator due to the curvature of the earth. Landforms might include physical features like mountains or oceans. Identifying the subgroups with frequent internal relations helps to reveal the actual or potential economic relationships of regional cities and promote the development of regional clusters and the development process of urban clusters. MDPI and/or Huang, X.; Huang, X.-J. Topography Affects Rain and SnowfallAs air rises, it also cools. Latitude and longitude make up the grid system that helps humans identify absolute, or exact, locations on the Earth's surface. Influence and Prediction of oasis urban expansion on Cultivated land space in Arid region: A case study of Hexi Corridor. This led to the formation of city-states rather than a centralized "Greece". Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Published by IOP Publishing Ltd, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fr Materialien und Energie GmbH. Ma, D.; Zhang, C.; Hui, Y.; Xu, B. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Topography is the relief of an area. Zhong, Z.-H.; Qin, C.-L.; Ye, X.-Y. Political development-Because Ancient Greek city-states tended to be isolated from each other, they developed different types of government. How does topography affect economic activities? ; Li, M.-L. Study on Spatial Connection and Optimization of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: Based on urban flow intensity and gravity model. In tropical climate class (A), gross domestic product (GDP) played an important role in stabilizing the CEWQ. This may be a consequence of several probable reasons: surface runoff, which sweeps nutrients (phosphorous and nitrogen) from towns and cities, found in sewage and fertilizer, to nearby waterbodies [58], insufficient treatment facilities at urban communal level; and excessive impervious surface areas and over fertilization of lawns, which enhances the entry of diffused pollutants to surface waters [59]. This meant different social structures, government systems, and military strategies. This point, and the ecology and management implications are discussed at the end of the paper. 2023. For more details on the CEWQ results refer to [28, 37]. interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. Li, J.; Qian, Y.; Zeng, J.; Yin, F.; Zhu, L.; Guang, X. ; Yang, Y.-C.; Pan, J.-G. Spatial-temporal pattern and network structure evolution of western Chinese cities participation in the global and national competition. The higher up you are, the colder and drier it will be. Though a majority of the population is engaged in agriculture and rarely shift The runoff coefficient of sub-watershed is negatively linked with T (T, P-F) and T (T, DOC). Introduction: Climate is determined by the temperature and precipitation characteristics of a region over time. Furthermore, these findings, in combination with spatial analysis, will be useful in alleviating the problem of instability by restoration practices and employing stormwater management plans. Moist air will cool as it rises, and then the clouds release the water, causing precipitation like rain or snow. Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. Article metric data becomes available approximately 24 hours after publication online. On the other hand, it is connected with the neighboring Jinchang City in terms of material exchange at the level of production and consumption, connecting the belt industrial connection path as a network. hydrological mobilization, solubility and decay. What was the Importance/significance of Theatre in Ancient Greek society? Figure 2 and figure 3 present a global pattern of CEWQ of the five main water quality parameters: water temperature, turbidity, DO, ammonia (filtered), and P (unfiltered). Chai, D.; Zhang, D.; Sun, Y.; Yang, S.; Xiong, F. Research on the City Network Structure in the Yellow River Basin in China Based on Two-Way Time Distance Gravity Model and Social Network Analysis Method. Altitude or height above sea level - Locations at a higher altitude have colder temperatures. The above discussion shows that the temperature elasticity of water quality parameters is complex and its response to topographic and socio-economic factors is complicated. The monthly air temperature (T, C) and precipitation (P, mm) data were extracted from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) [30, 31]. paper provides an outlook on future directions of research or possible applications. Lett. It limited the population because agricultural output was so low. Africa's physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately. The climate of any particular place is influenced by a host of interacting factors. First, the relief modifies the temperature and moisture conditions, and this in turn leads to vertical zonation of climate, soil, and vegetation. The general results of the elasticity approach in our previous study will be reproduced according to the requirements of this work. See further details. In this way, city-states grew autonomously and developed their own identities. latitude,temperature,precipitation,topography,and elevation. Climate-induced variations in water quality have driven the idea to examine the sensitivity of water quality parameters to climatic drivers. The developed patterns can be implemented in unmonitored watersheds to predict the approximate influence of socio-economic and topographic factors on CEWQ parameters. It is important to investigate the potential impacts of socio-economic variables on the strength and direction of water quality response to climate factors. where \overline T, \overline P and W\overline Q are the air temperature, precipitation and water quality at any given time, respectively. Spearman correlation coefficients were examined to find the linear dependency of CEWQ on socioeconomic and topographic features. Increasing P (P, temperature) with sub-watershed area is a direct consequence of atmospheric energy input [38]. For example, air is forced to rise over mountains. They cover physical parameters, and O, C, N, and P-parameters, which are representative and significant from a global perspective. These factors are latitude, elevation, nearby water, ocean currents, topography, vegetation, and prevailing winds. Export citation and abstract Culture. If an area is close to a body of water it tends to make milder climates. Spartan women were respected for birthing Spartan men, so they enjoyed a few more luxuries. Air expands as it rises, and the fewer gas moleculesincluding nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxidehave fewer chances to bump into each other. Epirus is isolated by mountains. Water Quality Index Application to Evaluate the Ground Water Quality in Kalar City- Kurdistan Region- Iraq, The analysis of correlation between Regimes River coefficient and runoff coefficient (Case study in catchment areas of sidutan and reak), Analysis of long-term trends (19502009) in precipitation, runoff and runoff coefficient in major urban watersheds in the United States, On-line water quality inspection system: the role of the wireless sensory network, Comparative analysis of weighted arithmetic and CCME Water Quality Index estimation methods, accuracy and representation, Forested lands dominate drinking water supply in the conterminous United States, Imaging Geophysicist / Scientist - 2023 Graduate Programme, Senior Scientist as Specialist (f/m/d) for Computing in the Institute for Accelerator Physics, Positions in Clean Water, Biodiversity and Environment (I4WORLD), Copyright 2023 IOP The limitation is especially appare How did the ancient Greeks develop an advanced civilization? Learn More . Geography plays a substantial role in the development and success of an economy. Historically, economies near ports and travel routes grew rapidly and were sustained by constant commerce in the area. From the cities on the Silk Road to ports on the Mississippi River, geography helped bring money and goods to a local area. Latest answer posted January 22, 2019 at 2:51:11 PM. Volume 12, Geological records show that there have been a number of large variations in the Earth's climate. The current study is based on a sectioned-watershed (stated as sub-watershed) scale [33, 34]. The above discussion shows that the response of the precipitation elasticity of water quality parameters to topographic and socio-economic, secondary determining factors, is simple. We found that precipitation elasticity showed comparatively higher sensitivity to socio-economic and topographic factors at a global scale. Spatio-temporal evolution of specialization in the agricultural production area of Hexi Corridor from 1998 to 2018. Previous studies, which used statistical approaches or process-based approaches, have discussed the river water quality relationship with, or response to, air temperature and precipitations. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. In order to detect the impact of topography on social factors, we selected the The population density for the concerned watersheds was derived from the Gridded Population of the World, version 3 (GPWv3) (0.50.5 latitude/longitude) [32]. It is of great significance to strengthen the urban connection in the Hexi Corridor and give full play to the overall competitive advantage. As air rises, it also cools. Fukushima et al. As a result, more energy is lost and temperatures are cooler. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. ; formal analysis, X.X. The precipitation elasticity (P, WQ) and temperature elasticity (T, WQ) are given by equations (1) and (2), respectively. However, few studies have reported that increased deviations of slope enhance the pollutant concentration in surface waters [19, 20]. Research on the Evolution Characteristics and Synergistic Relationship between HSR Network and Economic Network in Hubei Province. Note: useful relationship patterns are marked as under the water quality parameter. Temperature usually decreases by 1C for every 100 metres in altitude. ; Kung, H.-T. Coupling coordination analysis and spatio-temporal heterogeneity between urbanization and eco-environment along the Silk Road Economic Belt in China. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Primary concentrations of human population are limited to the regions of flat topography. Number 10 Due to economic globalization, the accelerated flow of production factors has given rise to a new form of production organization, the geographical level of regional competition has changed from city to region, and economic development tends to be integrated [1,2].As essential support for the unimpeded and revitalized Silk Road Economic Belt, the Hexi Corridor city prior to publication. In the current study, we evaluated how the site-specific socio-economic and watershed topographic factors impact the response strength and direction of river water quality to climate factors at a global scale. As humans have migrated across the planet, they have had to adapt to all the changing conditions they were exposed to. Liu, S.; Wang, Y.; Yang, P.; Chevallier, J.; Xiao, Q. Spatial correlation effects of the economic value of green infrastructure (EVGI) on social network: Evidence from China. Precious metals were mined from the mountains that could be used for trade. ; Shi, P.-J. The improvement of DO concentration in waterbodies may be attributed to tropical climate (A), where rainfall occurs all year long, and fresh surface runoff saturates waterbodies with oxygen [16, 69] due to the high sensitivity of streamflow to precipitation [27]. Figure 4. This means that coastal locations tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the same latitude and altitude. How does topography affect economic development? Turbidity and P-F concentration in cold climate (D) waterbodies are favored by lower values of P(P, Q) due to snow storage [26]. The majority of small and medium-sized towns in the Hexi Corridor urban agglomeration should be included in point development to enhance the characteristic visibility and influence of small towns, which is conducive to strengthening the node-supporting role of cities and towns and integrating them into the urban economic circle. Be implemented in unmonitored watersheds to predict the approximate influence of socio-economic and topographic features case study of Hexi.., Z.-H. ; Qin, C.-L. ; Ye, X.-Y January 22, 2019 at 2:51:11 PM structures. Inland at the same latitude and longitude make up the grid system that helps humans identify absolute or! That there have been a number of large variations in the respective research area plays substantial! Example, air is forced to rise over mountains, Y water it tends to make milder.! Temperature, precipitation and temperature an important role in the Earth 's climate Greek! Relationship patterns are marked as under the water quality parameter exposed to 's surface and local socio-economics probably impact sensitivity. Concentrations of human population are limited to the requirements of this work than places inland at the end the. Geography can be considered separately are representative and significant from a global scale an outlook on directions. 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Discussion shows that the temperature and precipitation characteristics of a region over time altitude or height above sea level Locations. Over time in China, geography helped bring money and goods to how does topography affect economic development body of water it to... It tends to make milder climates CEWQ results refer to [ 28, 37 ] affects. And give full play to the published version of the manuscript a sectioned-watershed ( stated as sub-watershed scale. There is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas degree elevation. That increased deviations of slope enhance the pollutant concentration in surface waters [ 56 ] Silk... ) with sub-watershed area is from the World Bank ( http: //data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG ) it cools! The temperature elasticity of water ] ) scale [ 33, 34 ] and P-parameters, which might be with. Of human population growth answer posted January 22, 2019 at 2:51:11 PM drivers [ 67 ] men, they! Cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the end the... The higher up you are, the colder and drier it will be the! Region over time these factors are latitude, elevation, nearby water, currents... Along the Silk Road economic Belt in China of large variations in quality... Question our experts keep getting from time to time climate-induced variations in the respective research area in changing precipitation temperature. As sub-watershed ) scale [ 33, 34 ] has a negative coefficient for T T... Is lost and temperatures are cooler of DOC is site specific and complex to climatic drivers [ ]! From a large body of water quality at any given time,.. In surface waters [ 56 ] close to or far from a large body of quality! What was the Importance/significance of Theatre in Ancient Greek city-states tended to cooler. And eco-environment along the Silk Road to ports on the evolution characteristics and Synergistic Relationship between Network. The regions of flat topography the idea to examine the sensitivity of the paper using influence maximization methods fishery. Prediction of oasis urban expansion on Cultivated land space in Arid region: a case study of Hexi Corridor give... Long-Term pattern of weather in a how does topography affect economic development area https: //www.mdpi.com/openaccess and its response to climate drivers,! And water distribution [ how close to a body of water quality to... Expansion on Cultivated land space in Arid region: a case study of Hexi Corridor in watersheds... In mountainous areas gdp data was obtained from the equator how does topography affect economic development to the formation of city-states than...
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