The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). Small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous. Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the northern sector of Hwange National Park (Hwange), north-western Zimbabwe, latitudes 1830 and 1950 S and longitudes 2545 and 2730 E. The study area covers c. 7554 km2 of dystrophic woodland savanna. The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. In: Groundwater quality in Africa, ed. Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. What are specific water sources the Lions exploit? Park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this.! A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. Generally sodium-bicarbonate or iron/magnesium/calcium-bicarbonate type. However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. British Geological Survey. Cameroon: Water source sustains community, 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. Artesian pressure is being reduced, possibly due to over pumping. We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. Boxes show medians, 25% and 75% quartiles. 2). Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Water is artificially supplied to some waterholes during the dry season (40 in the study area). In semi-arid ecosystems, herbivore distribution is generally more homogeneous in the wet season, when surface water is abundant, than in the dry season when only permanent sources remain. We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. When more than one prey species is available, predators are able to shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [21]. Seasonal prey availability estimates for Hwange used in this analysis were taken from published road transect data for Sinamatella, Main Camp and Ngamo areas, which cover our study area [36]. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. They are described in the relevant sections below. The pools go by a variety of names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows, sinks, and kettles. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . 2009). Felix Murindagomo, The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). We used data from 245 kills and 74 faecal samples. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. The upper Quaternary-Pliocene aquifer includes two units, which are thought to be connected: an unconfined/phreatic aquifer, formed of sand, which is up to 50 m thick, which is vulnerable to contamination and known to have high nitrate concentrations linked to agricultural and sewage contamination; and a confined, artesian Pliocene aquifer, between 250 and 400 m depth, with more mineralised water. It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Etosha In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). During the study period, adult male and female lions were sighted together in only 7% of the sightings (n=1710). 2015) of groundwater. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. The vulnerability to predation is further influenced by the interaction between vegetation cover, hunting strategy of the predator and anti-predatory strategy of the prey [20]. They pronk: bounce with all four feet alternatively on and off the ground, for what seems to be pure joy. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. 1). The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. Therefore, we are compelled to go the distance just to satisfy them, Lydie explains. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. In total, agriculture contributes around 40% of GDP. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! Andrew J. Loveridge, Sightings of Lion in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors. 3B). French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. Most groundwater in Cameroon is thought to be of good natural inorganic quality. The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Cameroon. Volcanic centres form moderately to highly productive fractured/weathered aquifers. Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water. Windhoek This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. We're sorry. We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. The frequency of occurrence of species in the faecal dataset was highest for kudu (24%) followed by buffalo and medium Bovidae (each representing 18%; the medium Bovidae class is dominated by sable and eland for faecal data), small antelopes (17%), and giraffe (7%) collectively contributing 84% of the species found in faecal samples (Table 2). In different seasons possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, prey. 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